Note, this is odd since peasants in the rest of Europe were becoming more and more free. Statistical Anomalies and Long-Tailed Distributions". [387], The Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, at its session on 15 October 2018, severed ties with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Previous versions of the black eagle on gold background were used as far back as Peter the Great's time. South of Moscow there is a west-east alternation of rolling plateaus and extensive plains. Catherine II ("the Great"), who ruled in 1762–96, presided over the Age of Russian Enlightenment. Of the rest 8 Governorates were in Finland, 10 in Poland. When Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano, an exhausted Russia backed down. Federal districts' envoys serve as liaisons between the federal subjects and the federal government and are primarily responsible for overseeing the compliance of the federal subjects with the federal laws. All religions were freely professed, except that certain restrictions were laid upon the Jews and some marginal sects. However, Russia still lagged a long way behind other major powers. Over time Russia has been having improvement and application of environmental legislation, development and implementation of various federal and regional strategies and programmes, and study, inventory and protection of rare and endangered plants, animals, and other organisms, and including them in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves,[174] known as "the lungs of Europe",[175] second only to the Amazon Rainforest in the amount of carbon dioxide it absorbs. � _rels/.rels �(� ���J1����ޝ���4ۋ���0&�����T۷7 The current name of the country, Россия (Rossija), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Ρωσσία Rossía—spelled Ρωσία (Rosía pronounced [roˈsia]) in Modern Greek.[21]. The Cadets So the bourgeois democracy in Russia. Prerevolutionary Russian society produced the writings and music of such giants of world culture as Anton Chekhov, Aleksandr Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Nikolay Gogol, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms are still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations. In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War, 1806–12, and the ensuing Treaty of Bucharest (1812), the eastern parts of the Principality of Moldavia, an Ottoman vassal state, along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule, came under the rule of the Empire. In 1648, the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov. Production levels are already higher than in Britain and Germany. [161] However, they differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. Lasers and masers were co-invented by Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov, while the idea of tokamak for controlled nuclear fusion was introduced by Igor Tamm, Andrei Sakharov and Lev Artsimovich, leading eventually the modern international ITER project, where Russia is a party. This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports. In the 1930s censorship over literature was tightened in line with the policy of socialist realism. They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism. The Ural Mountains, rich in mineral resources, form a north–south range that divides Europe and Asia. [366][367] The communist government ridiculed religions and their believers, and propagated atheism in schools. These two are among the fastest and busiest metro systems in the world, and some of them are famous for rich decorations and unique designs of their stations,[266] which is a common tradition in Russian metros and railways.[267]. Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis. KHL is on the 4th place by attendance in Europe.[434]. With the exception of 2010 and 2018 a Soviet or Russian pair has won gold at every Winter Olympics since 1964. Empress Catherine the Great (reigned 1762–1796) presided over a golden age; she expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing Peter the Great's policy of modernization along Western European lines. Leading authors of the Soviet era include novelists Yevgeny Zamyatin (emigrated), Ilf and Petrov, Mikhail Bulgakov (censored) and Mikhail Sholokhov, and poets Vladimir Mayakovsky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, and Andrey Voznesensky. [185] Approximately 19.2 million of Russians lived below the national poverty line in 2016,[186] significantly up from 16.1 million in 2015. On 25 December 1991, the USSR was dissolved into 15 post-Soviet states. 2010. The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government.
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