Atlantooccipital or atlantoaxial instability may be a consequence of a generalized ligamentous laxity. The frontal process of the maxilla #pic# #pic# #pic# #pic# #pic# #pic# #pic# projects upwards and articulates with the frontal bone with its serrated upper border. The greater palatine foramen #pic# is located on the same level, at the point where the alveolar process merges into the body of the maxilla and the horizontal lamina of the palatine bone. During the observation of stance and motion attention is given to: changes in posture or position, such as standing up, sitting or lying down, walking around and wagging the tail, all of which should be supple movements and certainly not stiff or painful, knuckling over of a foot while standing still, or straddle-legged, or in a low elbow position, or with a front or hind leg lifted, may indicate a radiating pain from a nerve root (root signature), coordination during walking and trotting, during which abnormalities related to the vertebral column can include excessive lateral swinging, ataxia, paresis, or foot dragging, contours of the skull with special attention to the outlines of the bones (maxilla, mandible, neurocranium) and the musculature (masticatory muscles), as well as the closure of the mouth, the outline of the entire vertebral column, which should be a smoothly flowing line, the carriage of the head, neck, and tail, and the posture of the back, The carriage of the tail depends upon the tonus, possible painfulness, the breed, whether or not the tail has been docked, and the mood of the animal. The cytoplasm has numerous droplets containing the secretory products, which are lipids and porphyrin. They are embedded in the body at the base of the fin. This calf had extreme difficulty in sucking milk from the dam without considerable loss through regurgitation. The following clinical scenarios are most pertinent to the pediatric neurosurgical population. Contains eight sockets on each side for upper teeth; socket for canine tooth is deepest. A, Radiograph of the skull of an adult cat showing the canine teeth and surrounding structures. Resection of larger more dorsally located tumors require intraoral and dorsal cutaneous incisions to allow access to the tumor circumference.34 Partial inferior orbitectomy will not result in displacement of the eyeball as all supporting periorbital soft tissues remain intact. The alveolar process of the maxilla containing the dental sockets, or alveoli #pic# #pic# #pic# #pic#, also referred to as the alveolar arch, develops only after birth with the eruption of teeth, in the same way as the mandibular alveolus, and is quickly resorbed after tooth loss. Masseteric spasm and contracture, in association with ipsilateral hearing loss, facial numbness, diminished corneal reflex, and paretic facial muscles, is a useful sign in the diagnosis of tumors infiltrating the dorsal pontine tegmentum.10,11, The corneal reflex is a reliable measure of afferent trigeminal V1 and efferent facial nerve VII fibers (a V‐VII reflex) and is present at infancy. The basic structure of the eye is similar between humans and rodents. Smaller luxating elevators, root tip picks, root tip forceps, bone curettes, periosteal elevators, and extraction forceps are available for use in cats (Figure 21-32).94, Teeth are secured to the alveolar bone of the incisive bone, maxilla, and mandible by the gingiva and periodontal ligament. There are several other reflexes that include the participation of trigeminal nerve divisions. Its alveolar process houses the teeth. superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue, inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue, levator labii superioris alaeque nasalis muscle, superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia, ostiomeatal narrowing due to variant anatomy, has vertical protrusions overlying the roots of the teeth, with the canine eminence being the most prominent of these, the incisive fossa runs medial to the eminence and the canine fossa is lateral to it, above the infraorbital foramen lies the maxillary part of the infraorbital margin, the anterior nasal spine is a vertical midline protuberance, with the nasal notch forming its deeply concave lateral border, triangular in shape; forms most of orbital floor, articulates with lacrimal bone, orbital plate of ethmoid, and orbital process of palatine bone, posterior border forms most of anterior edge of inferior orbital fissure, the canalis sinuosus, which transmits the, maxillary ostium opens from maxillary sinus into hiatus semilunaris, nasolacrimal groove is anterior to ostium; comprises two-thirds of the, located between the nasal and lacrimal bones, its medial surface is part of the lateral nasal wall, horizontal; projects medially from lowest part of medial aspect of maxilla, forms a large part of nasal floor and anterior three-fourths of, contains two grooves posterolaterally that transmit the greater palatine vessels and nerves; additionally, many vascular foramina and depressions for palatine glands, midline incisive fossa behind incisor teeth, intermaxillary palatal suture runs posterior to the fossa, two lateral incisive canals from nasal cavity open in incisive fossa and transmit terminations of, superior surface forms most of nasal floor.
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