G. Fehervari, and J. R. Caldwell, “Islamic sites outside the Bardsir Valley; Surveys of 1964 and 1966,” in J. Caldwell, ed., Investigations at Tal-i-Iblis: Illinois State Museum Preliminary Report, No. Ein Tiefpunkt war 2002 erreicht, als der US-Präsident George W. Bush den Iran offiziell als Teil der Achse des Bösen bezeichnete. [14], Der Hauptgrund für die hohe Opferzahl war, dass viele Menschen nach dem Einsturz der Wände von den herabfallenden schweren Lehmdecken begraben wurden[13], unter denen sie durch Staub und Sauerstoffmangel erstickten. Eine dieser Zonen, die bereits vorher als Bam-Verwerfung bekannt war, stellt vermutlich das Epizentrum des Bebens dar. [21] Viele Erdbebenopfer begannen mit dem Drogenkonsum. Die überlebenden Schüler und Lehrer waren stark traumatisiert. More than 110,000 inhabitants lived in Bam before December 26, 2003 earthquake. [18], Die Reaktionen auf die amerikanischen Hilfsleistungen im Iran waren gemischt. Es erfolgte ein Aufruf an die Staatengemeinschaft, die Summe zusammenzutragen. [35], Ein anderer Effekt des stark in Mitleidenschaft gezogenen Gesundheitswesens und der traumatischen Erfahrung durch das Erdbeben war ein Anstieg der Drogenprobleme. Später ermittelte geologische Daten belegen, dass die Bam-Verwerfung aus einem 4–5 km breiten Verwerfungssystem besteht, mit dem Hauptast genau zwischen den Städten Bam und Baravat. 117 Related Articles [filter] Arg e Bam. [18], Die diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen dem Iran und den USA sind seit der islamischen Revolution 1979 kompliziert. Up to 27 December 2005, some U.S. [25], Die USA entsandten unter anderem ein Notfallteam sowie über 1100 Zelte, fast 4500 Behelfsküchen, 14.500 Decken, 430 Rollen Plastikfolie und knapp 68 Tonnen medizinische Ausrüstung[24], Da sich das Erdbeben im Winter ereignete, litten viele der Überlebenden unter den extrem niedrigen Temperaturen während der Nächte, woran auch einige starben. This indicates that since 1751 the Bam region had not experienced a destructive earthquake (Berberian, 1976, 1995, 1996, 2005; Berberian and Yeats, 1999, 2001). Payvand Iran News, “A Year Later in Bam, ‘Hard Work Having an Impact,’” 11 December 2004, available online (accessed 20 July 2009). Recommendations. According to official figures, 10% of the population lived below the universal poverty line of less than one US dollar a day (UN Flash Appeal, 2004; SCI, 2004; Tiernet et al., 2005). The duration of the reconstruction phase was projected to take three to five years, with costs estimated at 1.5 billion US dollars (World Bank, 2004). [19] Dennoch boten die US-Amerikaner dem Staat humanitäre Hilfe an, die vorerst abgelehnt wurde. It is coupled P- and SV-waves trapped near the surface of the Earth and propagating along it, and was named after Lord Rayleigh, who first predicted its existence in 1887 for a homogeneous half-space, for which the velocity of propagation is 0.88 to 0.95 times the sheer velocity and their particle motion is retrograde elliptic near the surface. NCC (National Cartographic Centre of Iran), “Post earthquake aerial photographs and destruction map of Bam City,” Tehran, 2003, 2004. Members of the global alliance Action by Churches Together (ACT Netherlands), the U.S.-based Presbyterian Disaster Assistance (PDA), the Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), and Church of Sweden Aid assisted residents of the Bam area in the sectors of shelter, community groups and psychosocial care (Payvand Iran News, 2004). The extent of destruction in some quarters of the city reached 100%. As a matter of principle, all people have a human right to protection from disasters, and consequently governments have an obligation to provide that protection (Kent, 2001; Berberian, 2003 a, b). Idem, M. Qorashi, J.A. Reconstruction efforts. However, the historical (Ambraseys & Melville 1982; Berberian & Yeats 1999) and instrumental (Engdahl et al. [19] Auch einige Sanktionen wurden zeitweilig aufgehoben, um den Opfern der Katastrophe zu helfen. Three geophysical factors (Bouchon et al., 2006), whose unfortunate combination led to the strong ground shaking with a peak vertical ground acceleration of nearly 1.0 g/980 cm/s², and horizontal acceleration of 0.8 g/779 c/s² (BHRC, 2003, 2004; Shoja-Taheri et al., 2005), coupled with the poor quality of the physical infrastructure and a lack of adequate risk management by the Iranian government led to the destruction suffered by the city of Bam. [32] In der Realität war der Anteil großer Projekte und internationaler Organisationen am Aufbau geringer als vorgesehen und die Umsetzung verlief sehr viel langsamer als geplant. Using interferograms and azimuth offsets from ascending and descending tracks, we construct a three‐dimensional displacement field of the deformation due to the earthquake. In 2002, there were 55,330 students, 2,958 teachers, and 2,536 classes in 131 schools in the Bam sub-province (Šahrestān). Demnach entlud sich die hohe Spannung auf einen Schlag, indem sich eine vorher kaum nachweisbare neue Verwerfung bildete. In addition, a large inventory of existing buildings (~99%) in urban and rural areas lack earthquake-resistant design and have not been retrofitted to meet any engineering seismic design code. Neben Bam waren auch die Nachbarstadt Baravat und die Gebäude in einem Radius von 16 km stark betroffen.[10]. There are at least 12 major phases of documented reconstruction of the Bam Arg prior to 1840 (See Table 3 in Berberian, 2005). It was the widespread failure of poor quality buildings that contributed to so many deaths in the area. Das staatliche Radio des Iran INRA warf der US-Regierung unter anderem Einmischung in innere Angelegenheiten vor. Januar stellte das Welternährungsprogramm der Vereinten Nationen 100.000 Nahrungsrationen zur Verfügung. DART: USAID Disaster Assistance Response Team. Issue. Idem, “Thoughts on the Bam Earthquake,” 2003a, available from RADIX (accessed 20 July 2009). 100% (1/1) Arg-é Bam Bam Citadel Arg-e Bam. In der Regel wurden traditionelle Lehmziegel als Baustoff verwendet. [16], Vor dem Erdbeben hatte Bam mit seiner großen Lehmziegelzitadelle eine der größten und besterhaltenen Lehmbauten weltweit. Even many of the steel-framed and steel-reinforced concrete buildings constructed over the last decade ended up with pretzel shaped steel frames on top of heaps of crumpled infill masonry walls and floors (Sanada et al., 2004; Hosseini and Jafari, 2004), indicating that the building code had not been enforced at the time of construction by the authorities. 1-4, DOI:10.1029/2006GL025906, 2006. Carlos Sousa Oliviera, Antoni Roca, Xavier Goula: Mohammad Tahmasebi Naghi, Kambiz Kiana, Mazlouman Shahriar, Afshin Taheri, Reza Kamrani Shahriar, Behnam Panjavi, Harandi Bahador Alami: Asgary, Ali; Badri, Ali; Rafieian, Mojtaba; Hajinejad, Ali: Beziehungen zwischen dem Iran und den Vereinigten Staaten, Welternährungsprogramm der Vereinten Nationen, Programm der Vereinten Nationen für menschliche Siedlungen, Tectonic Summary: Magnitude 6.6 SOUTHEASTERN IRAN, Assistance for Iranian Earthquake Victims, Lost and Used Post-Disaster Development Opportunities in Bam Earthquake and the Role of Stakeholders, Bam earthquake: one year later, thousands still need psychological support, https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erdbeben_von_Bam_2003&oldid=209545321, Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2018-04, „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“. 1-518, PDF copy available online (accessed 20 July 2009). Issue. Idem, “The 2003 Bam Urban Earthquake: A Predictable Seismotectonic Pattern Along the Western Margin of the Rigid Lut Block, Southeast Iran,” Earthquake Spectra 21, Sp. Dezember um 5:26 Ortszeit (Iran Standard Time). Diese Gruppierung sollte den Aufbau aktiv leiten und die Finanzierung und die Einhaltung neuer Regularien überwachen. The Bam earthquake struck in the early hours of December 26. Idem, “Managing Earthquakes in Iran,” Iran Analysis Quarterly 1/2, Publication of the Iranian Studies Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pp. [20] Um das Team einfliegen zu können, stimmte der Iran der Landung eines US-Militärflugzeuges zu. [28] Ein Bericht beweist, dass viele Einwohner unter posttraumatischen Stresssituationen und Depressionen leiden. [4] Die Katastrophe zog eine große Welle an Hilfsleistungen nach sich, die Chatami als „Geist der Menschlichkeit“ bezeichnete. Documentation and management of earthquake and seismic fault data, and decision-making policy development are the first steps towards seismic risk reduction. Adding to this, Iran had declined aid from the U.S. due to their relationship, however, once realizing the amount of destruction … Dezember 2003 um 05:26 Ortszeit statt. Bis zum 15. Earthquake Spectra 21, Sp. [15] Am 30. An Mw 6.5 earthquake devastated the town of Bam in southeast Iran on 26 December 2003. Bam is an agricultural area, growing a lot of fruits and most of Bam people are farmers. In May 2004, the World Bank provided a loan of 300 million dollars to help the Iranian government rebuild Bam’s shattered infrastructure. [4] Mindestens 29 Nachbeben erschütterten die Region. S1 (2005), S411-S424, The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA,. The 2003 medium-magnitude earthquake at Bam clearly demonstrated a lack of disaster risk awareness and reduction by government and implied that no lessons were learned from the previous two large-magnitude Iranian urban earthquakes in Ṭabas-e Golšan (Mw 7.4) on 16 September 1978/ 25 Šahrivar 1357 (Berberian, 1979), and in Rudbār-Ṭārom (Mw 7.3) on 20 January 1990/30 Dey 1368 (Berberian et al., 1992), which demolished at least four cities of Ṭabas-e Golšan, Rudbār, Manjil, and Lowšan, all with physical infrastructures of poor quality, and killed 60,000 people. The difference in casualty numbers between the two events is directly related to differences in disaster preparedness and disaster mitigation in the United States of America and Iran. The international team could only save 22 people during a 48-hour effort (ReliefWeb 2003a, b; AlertNet, 2003; IFRC, 2004a, b, c; Movahedi, 2005; Tierney et al., 2005). Diese wurde während des Bebens fast bis auf die Grundmauern zerstört. Idem, Psychosocial Support Assessment Mission to Bam. The Bam urban disaster mobilized the world to respond immediately, but the authorities in Iran and other developing countries should remember the overarching need for long-term preparedness, mobilization, and prevention, and the possibility of another Bam-like disaster in at-risk regions. Im ländlichen Umkreis stand die Räumung von 4000 beschädigten Gebäuden an. 2800. IRC (Iranian Red Crescent) (accessed 20 July 2009). Y. Bozorgnia, and V. V. Bertero, “Earthquake Engineering: From Engineering seismology to Performance-Based Engineering,” (International Code Council), CRC Press, LLC., Boca Raton, Florida, 2004. Viele Gebäude in der Region entsprachen nicht den Vorgaben des Erdbebenschutzes. Manishock: The largest shock in an earthquake sequence. ReliefWeb, “Grim Race Against Disease Grips Iran Quake Zone,” 29 December 2003, 2003a, available online (accessed 20 July 2009). [4] Etwa die Hälfte des medizinischen Personals der Stadt starben bei dem Beben. Contributions to the Seismotectonics of Iran (Part VI),” Geological Survey of Iran 61, Tehran, 1983, pp. Next came a second wall behind which were the homes of the more eminent and affluent citizens, and finally, protected by a third wall, and on the pinnacle of the Citadel were the seat of the governor and the residence of high dignitaries and officials. To do so, initial data on the events followed the earthquake were analyzed according to relevant theoretical frameworks and international experiences. Issue. Die Schäden waren unter anderem deshalb so groß, weil Lehmziegel das Standardbaumaterial in der Stadt waren. There was a conspicuous absence of locally recorded aftershocks from the slip patch (0-6 km below the ground surface). Strike-slip fault: A fault on which the movement is parallel to the strike of the fault. It is considered as … Ark-e-Bam is a historical memorial house in Bam, which was founded about 2000 years ago. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) (accessed 20 July 2009). Im Jahr 2006 waren schätzungsweise 50 % der Männer und 15 % der Frauen abhängig. DOI:10.1193/1.2113167. The shock had a moment magnitude of 6.6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Idem, Assistance for Iranian Earthquake Victims, 10/8/2004, 2004c. S1, S375-S393, The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, Calif., DOI:10.1193/1.2098790, 2005. 2003 Bam earthquake and therefore strong constraints on its source parameters. [32] Insgesamt wurde beim Aufbau sehr viel mehr auf erdbebensichere Bauweise und die Einhaltung von Bauverordnungen geachtet. The Iranian people both at home and abroad, together with traditional community-based organizations (CBOs), and humanitarian volunteer groups, helped the earthquake survivors by donating needed goods, medications, and money. Maximum intensities were at Bam and Baravat, with the most damage concentrated within the 16 kilometres (10 mi) radius around the city. Issue. Select recovery documents and publications. Issue. According to the UNDP Disaster Risk Management and Reconstruction Officer (Payvand Iran News, 12/27/05), of the 20,000 housing units to be constructed in Bam, only 14,000 had been built by then, including 6,000 nearing completion, as well as 1,700 units actually completed. Despite numerous efforts, data on national aid, local and Iranian Diaspora charities have not been available. Idem, Natural Hazards and the First Earthquake Catalogue of Iran, I: Historical Hazards in Iran Prior to 1900, A UNESCO/IIEES Publication during UN/IDNDR, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, 1995; for PDF copy. Januar 2004 beriefen das Rote Kreuz und die UN eine internationale Geberkonferenz für Bam ein, um 42 Millionen US$ an Hilfsleistungen zu sammeln. 120-39, PDF copy available online (accessed 20 July 2009). The 2003 Bam earthquake struck the Kerman province of southeastern Iran at 01:56 UTC (5:26 AM Iran Standard Time) on December 26. Prior to the 2003 earthquake, there were 102,087 people living in non-engineered or non-seismically resistant indigenous structures in the city of Bam (with 40% of population under the age of 20), approximately 16,000 in the town of Baravāt, and about 10,000 in the nearby villages. 2003 Bam Erdbeben - 2003 Bam earthquake Aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Das 2003 Bam Erdbeben traf die Provinz Kerman im Südosten Irans um 01:56 Uhr UTC (05.26 Iran Standard Time) am 26. Earthquake impact on buildings. Als Folge des Erdbebens zog die iranische Regierung zeitweilig sogar eine Verlegung der Hauptstadt Teheran in Betracht, da diese auf einer ähnlichen seismischen Verwerfung wie Bam liegt. Furthermore, the earthquake caused approximately 53 million dollars in agricultural loss, 30 million in tourism, 15.8 million in industrial loss, and 91.3 million dollars in private business loss. Yeats, “Patterns of Historical Rupture in the Iranian Platea,” Bulletin os Seismological Society of America 89/1, 1999, pp. UNOCHA: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. National aid. S1, S181-S206, The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, Calif., DOI:10.1193/1.2101887, 2005. Nearly 90% of the buildings in Bam suffered 60-100% destruction, and the remaining 10% suffered 40-60% damage. This is evident by the fact that central government did not convene for an emergency session until the afternoon of the earthquake—the main shock occurred at 05:26 AM local time—and issued the call for international help over 12 hours after the disaster struck. It measured 6.5 on the Richter scale but destruction was much greater than an occurrence of that magnitude might suggest because many buildings, including the citadel, were built of mud bricks. The estimated total rupture length is about 24 km. The sub-province had approximately 3,800,000 date palm trees cultivated in approximately 19,000 hectares. However, the total death toll was given as 56,230 on Magnitude: A quantity intended to measure the size of an earthquake and is independent of the place of observation. Informational video about the 2003 Bam Earthquake that killed 40% of its population. G. Kent, “The Human Right to Disaster Mitigation and Relief,” Environmental Hazards 3, 2001, pp. The indirect economic losses due to the destruction of houses and loss of jobs has not yet been estimated or reported. IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies), World Disasters Report 2004, Focus on Community Resilience, Geneva, 2004a, chap. Rayleigh wave: A type of surface-wave, having a retrograde, elliptical motion at the free surface. 101-109. [29], Im Januar 2004 schätzten die Vereinten Nationen die Kosten für den Wiederaufbau der Stadt auf 700 Millionen bis 1 Milliarde US$. A. Jackson, and E. Haghshenas, “Some insight on why Bam (Iran) was destroyed by an earthquake of relatively moderate size”, Geophysical Research Letters 33, L09309, pp. It also illustrated the terrible humanitarian and economic consequences of poor natural disaster planning and preparation for such extreme geological events in the wider context of recent catastrophic earthquakes that have devastated different parts of the country, at least since the Buyin Zahrā (Mw 7.0) earthquake, which struck the area west of the capital city of Tehran on 1 September 1962/10 Šahrivar 1341 (Berberian et al., 1983).
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