Description and evaluation of Johnson and Scott (1976) study on anxiety and the accuracy of eyewitness testimony Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted a classic experiment to investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Critiquing Eyewitness Testimony . Eyewitness testimony evaluation 1. Id. Evaluating eyewitness testimonies has proven a difficult task. The Multi-Store Model. Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony: misleading information, including leading questions and post-event discussion; anxiety. People tend to believe what others claim to have seen with their own eyes. Wells, along with Steven D. Penrod, also wrote a chapter on "Eyewitness identification research: Strengths and weaknesses of alternative methods" for Research Methods in Forensic Psychology. The experts can explain to the jury how human perception works, how people fill in blanks subconsciously, how when a gun is involved in a crime, the witness will focus on the gun and not even look at the person behind it; they can explain why a witness can truly believe they saw something that they just did not see. the family story may be a different experience for each child as there are interpersonal variables. 41 ibid. Clive Wearing) Recantations 87. The Accusations 85. We aimed to replicate and extend these findings, adding retrieval latency as a predictor of memory accuracy. In this chapter, Wells and Penrod evaluate alternative research methods for eyewitness testimony, including laboratory and field experiments ( Wells & Penrod, 2011 ). If their memory is incomplete, then the testimony they provide will be incomplete as well. References 90. His concept of `testimony' is also difficult to deal with as it seems to imply than the evidence of anyone who heard Jesus is somehow more reliable than eyewitness accounts of other events. Evaluation: This is a weakness because the studying can be seen to be breaching the BPS guidelines as Loftus hasn’t protected her participants from harm – such a scene may cause the participant a great deal of distress. Aims: To test the hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. Introduction Before crime shows like CSI and the scientific advancements which ushered in modern forensics such as fingerprinting and DNA, eyewitnesses were often the only form of proof of a guilty person or act. Click here to see how age can impact the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Outline the procedure of Yuille and Cutshall 1986. This means that the tasks may lack mundane realism. Personal Strengths and Weaknesses A reason that this country works well is that everyone has diverse abilities which can contribute to everyday life. This is material for an AO2 question. What are the pros and cons of eyewitness testimony? In an attempt to avoid such injustices, jurists and forensic psychologists have called for reforms on the collection and use of eyewitness testimony as well as for programs to educate police, attorneys, jurors, and judges about the strengths and weaknesses of such testimony. Study Loftus and Zanni flashcards from Caitlin Lunk's Chipping Campden School class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Universal â Provides moral laws that hold universally, regardless of culture. The Road to Redemption 87. Eyewitness testimony can thus be critiqued on several grounds: having impaired perception, having impaired memory, having an inconsistent testimony, having bias or prejudice, and not having a reputation for telling the truth.If any of those characteristics can be demonstrated, then the competency of a witness is questionable. 42 ibid. Eyewitness Testimony This Factsheet summarises memory research into eyewitness testimony. • Loftus & Palmer (1979) is a good example of a lab experiment with an independent groups design. Utilising experts to explain the strengths and weaknesses of eyewitness identification evidence seems to be incredibly practical. A. Only one of these conditions was experienced by each participant. Strengths Weaknesses Act Utilitarianism is pragmatic and focuses on the consequences of an action. Strengths: (1) Point: Further research by Loftus and Palmer supports the role of misleading information affecting the accuracy of EWT. Compensation 89. One weakness is that the majority of research into anxiety and eyewitness testimony is laboratory based. Strengths. Recent research, however, suggests that incorrect memories are more effortful to retrieve than correct memories, and confidence in a memory is based on retrieval effort. nonscientific evidence (confessions and eyewitness testimony). (2 marks) Evaluate Yuille and Cutshall in terms of both reliability and validity. Although Gabbert’s results provide an insight into the effect of post-event discussion on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, we are unable to conclude why the distortion occurs. However, at the time of initial police lineups, most displayed a lack of confidence in their identifications. Instructions: Please answer the following questions: How does the lost-in-the-mall technique relate to eyewitness testimony? The Working Memory Model of STM. Their sample consisted of 45 American students, who were divided into five groups of nine. Eyewitness Testimony and the Flowers Case. The weakness is that eyewitness testimony is often very unreliable. As Hal Arkowitz and Scott O. Lilienfeld put it for Scientific American , “Since the 1990s, when DNA testing was first introduced, Innocence Project researchers have reported that 73 percent of the 239 convictions overturned through DNA testing were based on eyewitness testimony. Different eyewitnesses often have very different versions of the same event. 9. Some people let those abilities shine at work, in their personal life or both. ... 39 Elizabeth Loftus Eyewitness Testimony (Harvard University Press 1979) p 197. The Exoneration 89. They aimed to show that the cues within leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts. As people have their strengths, they also have their weaknesses.There is a problem to improve those weaknesses when the weakness is not identified. Evaluation of research into child eyewitness testimony One weakness of Poole and Lynsday’s (2001) research is that it is difficult to eliminate extraneous variables compared to a controlled environment. To analyze the strengths and weaknesses of eyewitness testimony and how it relates to memory processes. This is material for an AO1 question. 11. Evaluation: strengths • Loftus & Palmer (1979) and Gabbert et al (2003) are controlled lab experiments. Learn faster with spaced repetition. Eyewitness testimony is reliable: Schemas: many eyewitnesses don’t need to refer to their schemas whilst giving evidence. We show that errors are made with all these forms of evidence, demonstrating the danger of 8. Introduction 91. It was a laboratory experiment in which there were 5 conditions. Improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, including the use of the cognitive interview. (4 marks) Research findings are often applied to real life behaviour, and used to build psychological understanding. 40 Michael McCloskey and Howard E Hogarth (n. 3). Subscribe. Evidence: They showed 150 students a video of a car crash and 50 were asked the critical question with the word ‘smashed’, 50 with the word ‘hit’ and 50 were the control group (a group for comparison) and not asked anything at all. The problem of the unreliability of eyewitness testimony is a real one. Supported from brain damage cases (e.g. Use at least two vocabulary words from the textbook in your answer. Psychology alevel- memory-eyewitness testimony and leading questions Eye witness Testimony AS AQA A Psychology (Psya1 and Psya2) question black_vine ... What are the strengths and weaknesses of the method used in this study? The strengths of the study were that it was a controlled experiment and Loftus could control all the extraneous variables, the study could be easily replicated and it had real life implications for eye witness testimony. Forgetting and EWT Explanations for forgetting: proactive and retroactive interference and retrieval failure due to absence of cues. See infra Part III. -Eyewitness testimony is influenced by many things & we believe in things that never happened *Study by Baron-Cohen: 'faulty' cognitive processing -Those with ASD lack a theory of mind (inability to think what another person might be thinking); study through eyes test (Sally-Anne test for children) Sitemap. Cognitive Psychology > The Multi-Store Model > Strengths and Weaknesses. Eyewitness Testimony (ETW) Memory Improvment. Chapter Outline. Personal Strengths. 10. See infra Part HD. eyewitness testimony, stereotyping, etc.) Some psychologists are experts in discrediting eyewitness testimony. Eyewitness identifications play an important role in the investigation and prosecution of crimes, but it is well known that eyewitnesses make mistakes, often with serious consequences. Compiled by Ann Njarara, Bree Peilen, Daniel Neuman, Emory Cook, Linda Lin, and Perrin Lowrey. Advantages. Schemas: Yuile and Cutshall found that eyewitness were more accurate in real life crimes than laboratory based ‘crimes’. All of the participants watched a video of a car crash and were then asked a specific question about the speed of the cars. Loftus and Palmer Eyewitness Testimony Study (1974) Their aim was to test their hypothesis of language used in eyewitness testimony can affect or alter memory. Discussion #1.In the language of social psychology, prosocial behaviors are those that promote the well-being of members of society and society as a whole, such as cooperation, fairness, helping, and forgiveness. Eyewitness testimony always depends upon the memory of the individual involved. Case Study: John Stoll By Wendy J. Koen 84. The Trial 86. Child Interrogations and Testimony By Rebecca K. Helm, Caisa Elizabeth Royer, Stephen J. Ceci 91. Part I: The History of Legal and Behavioral Approaches to Children’s Testimony 92 Even if the person directly witnessed an event, how they perceived what occurred could … 4 In response, some courts have limited the use of courtroom identifications, at least in some circumstances, while others have attempted to use jury instructions or expert testimony to better explain the strengths and weaknesses of eyewitness evidence. The ‘strengths and weaknesses’ part evaluates the research. The strength of eyewitness testimony is that it is very compelling. The distortion could be the result of poor memory, where people assimilate new information into their own accounts of the event and are unable to distinguish between what they have seen and what they have heard. Explain one way in which the conclusions of Yuille and Cutshall 1986 can be used or applied in criminal psychology. â ¢ Virtue Ethics does not deal with the problem of people doing Weaknesses of Duty-based ethics. The tasks are not usually expected on real life, for instance you would not be normally asked to recall a short film. Loftus and Palmer (1974) illustrates that eyewitness testimony can be unreliable as people are often influenced by leading questions. 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. Evaluate the cognitive approach in terms of strengths and weaknesses (16) Mediational Processes.
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