By showing that only someone who is almost beyond human could conduct such an enterprise as empire, Xenophon indirectly censures imperial design. I do not know how you feel about it, but you were a male in your last earthly incarnation. Xenophon (; , Xenophon; c. 430 – 354 BC), son of Gryllus, of the deme Erchia of Athens, also known as Xenophon of Athens, was a Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, and student of Socrates.While not referred to as a philosopher by his contemporaries, his status as such is now a topic of debate. An Ancient Greece philosopher, and soldier. Xenophon's Anabasis recounts his adventures with the Ten Thousand while in the service of Cyrus the Younger, Cyrus's failed campaign to claim the Persian throne from Artaxerxes II of Persia, and the return of Greek mercenaries after Cyrus's death in the Battle of Cunaxa. The Hellenica continues directly from the final sentence of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War covering the last seven years of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) and the subsequent forty two years (404 BC–362 BC) ending with the Second Battle of Mantinea. Xenophon writes that he asked Socrates for advice on whether to go with Cyrus, and that Socrates referred him to the divinely inspired Pythia. Meaning: The meaning of the name Xenophon is: Strange voice. And Xenophon is moreover the first who established in rear of the phalanx a reserve from which he could at will feed weak parts of his line. 430?-355? Dercylidas proposed the new terms of truce to Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus and the three parties submitted the truce proposal to the Sparta and the Persian king for ratification. Xenophon received an estate in Scillus where he spent the next twenty three years. Investors have few spare tires left. The castle, however, was stationed on a hill surrounded by forest. although according to Herodotus and the current consensus the Medians had been made "slaves" of the Persians several years previously. "They say that Socrates met [Xenophon] in a narrow lane, and put his stick across it and prevented him from passing by, asking him where all kinds of necessary things were sold. Despite being born an Athenian citizen, Xenophon came to be associated with Sparta, the traditional opponent of Athens. Xenophon’s lessons on leadership have been reconsidered for their modern-day value. And again, Xenophon was not present at the trial of Socrates, having been on campaign in Anatolia and Mesopotamia. Xenophon goes on to describe in detail the main aspects of Laconia, handing to us the most comprehensive extant analysis of the institutions of Sparta. Argument ensued as to how the spoils would now be split, and Cyrus enforced a meritocracy. Many homotīmoi found this unfair because their military training was no better than the commoners, only their education, and hand-to-hand combat was less a matter of skill than strength and bravery. Lead by Dercylidas, Xenophon and the Greek army march to Aeolis march and capture nine cities in 8 days including Larissa, Hamaxitus, and Kolonai. Danzig, Gabriel. Although Olmstead followed the consensus view that Cyrus subjugated the Medes, he nevertheless wrote, "Medes were honored equally with Persians; they were employed in high office and were chosen to lead Persian armies. Classics Quarterly 36: 115-23, 1989. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Company: 1890. pp. Anabasis is a unique first-hand, humble, and self-reflective account of military leader's experience in antiquity. He did this by endowing a fictional version of the boyhood of Cyrus the Great, founder of the first Persian Empire, with the qualities of what Xenophon considered the ideal ruler. When Cyaxares died about two years later the Median kingdom passed peaceably to Cyrus, so that this would be the true beginning of the Medo-Persian Empire under just one monarch. One of the main plots of the Symposium is about the type of loving relationship (noble or base) a rich aristocrat will be able to establish with a young boy (present at the banquet alongside his own father). However, Xenophon quickly devised a plan: all goats, cows, sheep and donkeys were slaughtered and their bodies stuffed with hay, laid across the river and sewn up and covered with dirt so as not to be slippery. Xenophon is a male Greek name associated with a great ancient Greek historian, but it is used in modern Greece as well, although in a more modernized version, which is Xenophontas. Another passage that Johnson cites as criticism of monarchy and empire concerns the devaluation of the homotīmoi. "[37] The Cyropaedia, in outlining Cyrus as an ideal leader having mastered the qualities of "education, equality, consensus, justice and service to state," is the work that she suggests be used as a guide or example for those striving to be leaders (see mirrors for princes). Written years after the events it recounts, Xenophon's book Anabasis (Greek: ἀνάβασις, literally "going up")[9] is his record of the expedition of Cyrus and the Greek mercenaries’ journey home. Xenophon framed Socrates’ defense, which both men admit was not prepared at all, not as failure to effectively argue his side, but as striving for death even in the light of unconvincing charges. Roman orator, attorney and teacher of rhetoric Quintilian echos Cicero in The Orator's Education saying "the Graces themselves seem to have molded his style and the goddess of persuasion sat upon his lips". “ALEXANDER. 2012. He reduced its management to a perfect method. Both Herodotus (1.123,214) and Xenophon (1.5.1,2,4, 8.5.20) present Cyrus as about 40 years old when his forces captured Babylon. From 1880 to 2018, the Social Security Administration has recorded 15 babies born with the first name Xenophon in the United States. Sometimes it happens that another name has the same meaning. This was the name of a 4th-century BC Greek historian. His minister Chrysantas admires the centaurs for their dual nature, but also warns that the dual nature does not allow centaurs to fully enjoy or act as either one of their aspects in full (4.3.19–20). Xenophon was away on his Persian campaign during the trial and death of Socrates. After capturing Teuthrania and Halisarna, the Greeks led by Thimbron lay siege to Larissa. Athenian historian and philosopher born 427 and author of the Anabasis and Memorabilia. Thankfully from Xenophon we can actually understand the realities of Ancient Greece, rather than have to rely totally on the wild ramblings of Socrates, which were plagued with hyperbole and pedophile tendencies. Xenophon Huddy - Xenophon Pearce Huddy (1876–1943) was an American lawyer, specializing in automobile law. Xenophon's father, Gryllus was a member of a wealthy equestrian family. [22] Diogenes writes that Xenophon lived in Corinth until his death in 354 BC. "[29] A more extensive list of considerations related to the credibility of the Cyropaedia’s picture of the relationship between the Medes and Persians is found on the Cyropaedia page. Xenophon stormed and completely overwhelmed the force at his ford, while the Greek detachment made a forced march to this bridgehead. Xenophon asserts that Socrates dealt with his prosecution in an exceedingly arrogant manner, or at least was perceived to have spoken arrogantly. He cites the regression of the Persians directly after the death of Cyrus as a result of this instability, a union made possible only through the impeccable character of Cyrus. The Cyropaedia relates instead that Astyages died and was succeeded by his son Cyaxares II, the maternal uncle of Cyrus (1.5.2). As the military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge wrote, "the centuries since have devised nothing to surpass the genius of this warrior". More originality in tactics has come from the Anabasis than from any dozen other books. [7] Detailed accounts of events in Hellenica suggest that Xenophon personally witnessed the Return of Alcibiades in 407 BC, the Trial of the Generals in 406 BC, and the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants in 403 BC. In his Lives of Eminent Philosophers, the Greek biographer Diogenes Laërtius (who writes many centuries later) reports how Xenophon met Socrates. Thimbron's campaign is described in Hellenica. "Xenophon and Callicratidas". "Irony and the Narrator in Xenophon's Anabasis", in, Dodge, Theodore Ayrault. Xenophon of Athens was a Greek historian, philosopher, and soldier. Xeno Meaning in Urdu. This was among the first attacks in depth ever made, 23 years after Delium and 30 years before Epaminondas’ more famous use of it at Leuctra. Xenophon or Xenofon. View an extensive list of famous authors in alphabetical order a-z by first name. 1/2, pp. [31] The Persian hardiness and austerity is combined with the luxuriousness of the Medes, two qualities that cannot coexist. (c.435–c.354 BC), Greek historian, writer, and military leader. Pausanias mentions Xenophon's tomb in Scillus. Through his dual critique of empire and democracy, Xenophon subtly relates his support of oligarchy. He loved all things equestrian and wrote two treatises on the art of horsemanship. You were born somewhere around the territory of Germany approximately on 1075.Your profession was monk, bee-keeper, and lone gunman.. As an inquisitive and inventive person, you liked to get to the very bottom of things and to rummage in books. Xenophon of Athens (/ˈzɛnəfən, -ˌfɒn/; Greek: Ξενοφῶν, Ancient Greek: [ksenopʰɔ̂ːn], Xenophōn; c. 430[3] – 354 BC) was an Athenian-born military leader, philosopher, and historian. Xenophon, (born c. 430 bce, Attica, Greece—died shortly before 350, Attica), Greek historian and philosopher whose numerous surviving works are valuable for their depiction of late Classical Greece. As Johnson asserts, this passage decries imperial meritocracy and corruption, for the homotīmoi now had to sychophantize to the emperor for positions and honours;[31] from this point they were referred to as entīmoi, no longer of the "same honours" but having to be "in" to get the honour. The Colchians, seeing they were being outflanked, divided their army to check the Greek deployment, opening a gap in their line through which Xenophon rushed in his reserves, scoring a brilliant Greek victory.[18]. This is not to say that he was not a good ruler, but he is depicted as surreal and not subject to the foibles of other men. The Socrates that Xenophon portrayed was different from Plato’s in multiple respects. [11] Tissaphernes pursued Xenophon with a vast force, and when the Greeks reached the wide and deep Great Zab River, it seemed they were surrounded. He even goes so far to say that he desires that no Persian kalokagathos ("noble and good man" literally, or simply "noble") ever be seen on foot but always on a horse, so much so that the Persians may actually seem to be centaurs (4.3.22–23). As the name homotīmoi ("equal", or "same honours" i.e. Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). Xenophon's query to the oracle, however, was not whether or not to accept Cyrus' invitation, but "to which of the gods he must pray and do sacrifice, so that he might best accomplish his intended journey and return in safety, with good fortune". [32] Although partially graced with hindsight, having written the Cyropaedia after the downfall of Athens in the Peloponnesian War, this work criticizes the Greek attempts at empire and "monarchy", dooming them to failure. One night, Xenophon formed a body of archers and light cavalry. The consensus is that Cyrus’s career is best outlined in the Histories of Herodotus. But there are definitely some mockeries or criticisms here and there, for instance in the Anabasis, when deliberations are intimidated by cries of "pelt" if a speaker says something others disagree with. [31] Cyrus is idealized greatly in the narrative. Centaurs were often thought of as creatures of ill repute, which makes even Cyrus’ own advisors wary of the label. Xenophon ordered small parties of his men to appear on the hill road, and when the defenders fired, one soldier would leap into the trees, and he "did this so often that at last there was quite a heap of stones lying in front of him, but he himself was untouched." Xenophon was much more reasonable than Socrates on pretty much every issue, and his thoughts were grounded in reality. Xenophon displays Cyrus as a lofty, temperate man. What does xenophon mean? Xenophon wrote the Cyropaedia to outline his political and moral philosophy. Thus this book is normally read as a positive treatise about Cyrus. In the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, Diogenes Laërtius observed that Xenophon was known as the "Attic Muse" because of the sweetness of his diction. https://www.definitions.net/definition/xenophon. The truce between the Greeks and the Persians was fragile and in 397 BC Dercylidas' force mirrored the movement of Tissaphernes' and Pharnabazus' force near Ephesus, but did not engage in battle. Thanks for your vote! Therefore you are at once able to judge for yourselves the reason why were are not at fault now, although we were then."[21]. However, Clearchus, a Spartan general, convinced the Greeks to continue with the expedition. More info about the name "Xenophon" Xenophon is a Greek name, derived from the name Xenon, which means 'foreigner'. "Apologizing for Socrates: Plato and Xenophon on Socrates’ Behavior in Court." Reading Xenophon's Memorabilia inspired Zeno of Citium to change his life and start the Stoic school of philosophy. Xenophon's admiration for his teacher is clear in writings such as Symposium, Apology, and Memorabilia. Johnson reads even more deeply into the centaur label. The Medes were thus "reduced to subjection" (1.130) and became "slaves" (1.129) to the Persians 20 years before the capture of Babylon in 539 BC. Transactions of the American Philological Association. Back to “A” NamesBack. The name Xenophon means Strange Voice and is of Greek origin.Xenophon is name that's been used by parents who are considering unisex or non-gendered baby names--baby names that can be used for any gender.. From the Greek word "xenos" meaning foreign/strange and the word elment "phone/phone" meaning voice. By contrast, Plato does not go so far as to claim that Socrates actually desired death, but seems to argue that Socrates was attempting to demonstrate a higher moral standard and teach a lesson, although his defence failed by conventional standards. 10 Apr. [31] In a further analysis of the centaur model, Cyrus is likened to a centaur such as Chiron, a noble example from an ignoble race. The name Xenophon is in the Greek Names category. There is nothing surprising in this: both names have the same origin or the same numbers of numerology. historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates; joined the expedition of Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes, and on the failure of it conducted the ten thousand Greeks—"the Retreat of the Ten Thousand"—who went up with him back to the Bosphorus, served afterwards in several military adventures, brought himself under the ban of his fellow-citizens in Athens, and retired to Elis, where he spent 20 years of his life in the pursuits of country life and in the prosecution of literature; the principal of his literary works, which it appears have all come down to us, are the "Anabasis," being an account in seven books of the expedition of Cyrus and his own conduct of the retreat; the "Memorabilia," in four books, being an account of the life and teaching and in defence of his master Socrates; the "Helenica," in seven books, being an account of 49 years of Grecian history in continuation of Thucydides to the battle of Mantinea; and "Cyropædeia," in eight books, being an ideal account of the education of Cyrus the Elder. Homotīmoi were highly and thoroughly educated and thus became the core of the soldiery as heavy infantry. However, this treatise makes evident that anti-democratic sentiments were extant in Athens in the late 5th century BC and were only increased after its shortcomings were exploited and made apparent during the Peloponnesian War. The Spartans were at war with Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus II, Persian satraps in Anatolia. Experience as a mercenary and a military leader, service under Spartan commanders in Ionia, Asia Minor, Persia and elsewhere, exile from Athens, and friendship with King Agesilaus II endeared Xenophon to the Spartans. Winter by now arrived as the Greeks marched through Armenia "absolutely unprovided with clothing suitable for such weather",[16] inflicting more casualties than they suffered during a skillful ambush of a local satrap's force and the flanking of another force in this period. en The Bible —as well as the Greek historians Herodotus and Xenophon — records that the Babylonians were actually feasting when the Persian assault occurred. Rahn, Peter J. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston and New York: 1890. p. 7. Except for the dialogues of Plato, they are the only surviving representatives of the genre of Socratic dialogue. A Greek who endeavored to introduce morals into his country. Under Dercylidas' proposal, the Persians abandon claims to independent Greek cities in Ionia and the Spartans withdraw the army leaving Spartan governors in the Greek cities. We're a known quantity, these personality-based political parties, like the Xenophon one, you don't know what you're getting. "Persians as Centaurs in Xenophon’s ‘Cyropaedia’". 2021. What does xenophonian mean? The Cyropaedia, sometimes spelled Cyropedia, is a partly fictional biography of Cyrus the Great, written around 370 BC by the Athenian gentleman-soldier, and student of Socrates, Xenophon of Athens.The Latinized title Cyropaedia derives from Greek Kúrou paideía, meaning "The Education of Cyrus".Aspects of it would become a model for medieval writers of the genre known as mirrors for princes. Urdu Word ساحِل سے اندَر خُشکی کی جانِب مُہِم جوئی Meaning in English. In the Battle of the Carduchian Defile, Xenophon had 8,000 men feint at this host and marched the other 2,000 to a pass revealed by a prisoner under the cover of a rainstorm, and "having made their way to the rear of the main pass, at daylight, under cover of the morning mist, they boldly pushed in upon the astonished Carducians. There is an echo of this statement, verifying Xenophon and contradicting Herodotus, in the Harran Stele, a document from the court of Nabonidus. Thus he puts into the latter’s mouth what he would have thought him to say. At the age of 30, Xenophon was elected a commander of one of the biggest Greek mercenary armies, the Ten Thousand, that marched on and came close to capturing Babylon in 401 BC. The next Augustan age will dawn on the other side of the Atlantic. Xenophon (c. 430 BC–354 BC) was an Athenian military leader, historian, and philosopher. [20] The level of detail with which Xenophon describes Thimbron's campaign in Hellenica suggests first hand knowledge. Detailed account of Xenophon's life starts 401 BC. The opening line reads: It occurred to me one day that Sparta, though among the most thinly populated of states, was evidently the most powerful and most celebrated city in Greece; and I fell to wondering how this could have happened. Xenophon Name Meaning. None ever worked for the safety of his soldiers with greater ardor or to better effect. Usher, S. "Xenophon, Critias and Theramenes". 2003. He died young. And from this time forth, Xenophon became a follower of Socrates. Xenophon of Athens (/ ˈ z ɛ n ə f ən,-ˌ f ɒ n /; Greek: Ξενοφῶν, Ancient Greek: [ksenopʰɔ̂ːn], Xenophōn; c. 430 – 354 BC) was an Athenian-born military leader, philosopher, and historian.At the age of 30, Xenophon was elected a commander of one of the biggest Greek mercenary armies, the Ten Thousand, that marched on and came close to capturing Babylon in 401 BC. 41–64. The Urdu Word ساحِل سے اندَر خُشکی کی جانِب مُہِم جوئی Meaning in English is Anabasis. These show no distinction in official rank or status between the Persian and Median nobility.
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