The Dome of the Rock has no immediately discern-ible purpose or function other than the commemorative one, and even that is riddled with uncertainties. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Whatever the history of the rock, the Muslims built over that outcropping an extraordinary octagonal shrine. Jews supported this decision. 126 Flood, The Great Mosque of Damascus, 243. But according to Jewish … Wortley, J., “The Marian relics at Constantinople”, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies Harrison, M., Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul, 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, vol. Heckner, U., “Der Tempel Salomos in Aachen. 85 See Busse, “The Temple of Jerusalem”, 24; Sebeos, ch. It should be noted, however, that Bede is not occupied with a physical representation; rather he is writing an allegorical commentary on the Tabernacle in which it is interpreted as symbolizing the Christian church. Full text views reflects PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. 41 42 10, 11–16, in The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon: vol. The Dome of the Rock is the oldest Muslim landmark in Islam, built around the 7th century AD. That is why 12, 1988, 117–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. Known as the Qubbat al-Sakhrah to Muslims, construction on the Dome of the Rock began in 691 CE and finished in 692 CE. Geyer, P. Howard-Johnston, J., Witnesses to a World Crisis (Oxford: OUP, 2010), 194–236 et al. Y. Friedmann, The History of al-Ṭabarī, vol. 14, 1991, 1–40 The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: قبة الصخرة Qubbat aṣ-Ṣakhra, Hebrew: כיפת הסלע Kippat ha-Sela) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. own blood He entered the Most Holy Place once for all, having obtained eternal See For a version of this article in Hebrew, see J. Prawer and H. Ben-Shammai, The History of Jerusalem, 311–48. Aptowitzer, V., “The heavenly temple in the Agada”, Tarbitz Under the dome of the Rock, was where the Fortress of Antonia stood. 1, Google Scholar. The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813, translated, with introduction and commentary by Mango, Cyril and Scott, Roger, with the assistance of Geoffrey Greatrex, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 471–2Google Scholar. Soucek, P., “The temple of Solomon in Islamic art”, in Guttman, J. Google Scholar; Threshing floors were never built on hills, but in curved valleys, like directly under the Al Kas Fountain. rod that budded, and the tablets of the covenant; and above it were the cherubim 147 George Aaron Barton, “The Evolution of the Religion of Israel: II. , vol. Catholic church. On the date of the construction see S. Blair, “What is the date of the Dome of the Rock?”, Bayt al-Maqdis, 59–83. 119 On this see S. Bashear, “Apocalyptic and other materials on early Muslim–Byzantine wars: a review of Arabic sources”, JRAS, series 3.2, 1991, 173–207; El-Sheikh, Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs, 65–71; Rubin, Between Bible and Qurʾān, 20–31; Livne-Kafri, Jerusalem in Early Islam, 14, 29, 63–4, 66, 67 (Hebrew). 45 Jerome, Commentarium in Isaiam, 64: 10, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina 73A (Turnhout, 1963), 740; PL 24, 626. (Leiden, 1879–1901)Google Scholar, Taʾrīkh, I, 2408 with an isnād going back to Rajāʾ b. Ḥaywah (d. 730), a famous scholar born in Baysān (former Scythopolis) who was in charge of the construction of the Dome of the Rock under ʿAbd al-Malik. ), Travel Tip It was initially completed in 691–92 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. 1; M. Perlmann, The History of al-Ṭabarī, vol. vol. The second part of this text bears close parallels to the traditions of Faḍāiʾl Bayt al-Maqdis and at its end appears the following version of this tradition: “Rejoice, Oh Jerusalem, which means I shall send to thee my servant, ʿAbd al-Malik, who shall restore to you your first kingdom, and I shall adorn thee with gold, silver, pearls, and precious stones, that is the Ṣakhra, and I shall put my throne on thee as it was before. including the Holiest of All.*. "shouldUseHypothesis": true, 1, 9–10 The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022–23. 4, p. 328; Livne-Kafri, Faḍāʾil Bayt al-Maqdis, no. 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As in any foreign land, the locals appreciate being greeted in their own Goitein, S.D., “The historical background of the erection of the Dome of the Rock”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 70, 1950, 104–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar; 3 Why was the Dome built? See See e.g. until the time of reformation. Dagron, G., Constantinople imaginaire: études sur le recueil des ‘patria’ (Paris: PUF, 1984), 304–5Google Scholar. To this I would like to add one more implication: the Dome of the Rock, as the built embodiment of its age of experimentation, represents the fluidity of early Islam that allowed ‘Abd al-Malik to create the first Islamic state. They are Sheba, Dedan and the traffickers of Chalcedon”. 14 125 (Shfaram, 1995)Google Scholar, 63, no. Now when these things had been thus prepared, the priests always went Ousterhout, R., “Sacred geographies and holy cities: Constantinople as Jerusalem”, in Lidov, A. offered for himself and for the peopleâs sins committed in ignorance; the Holy According to Islamic tradition, the Dome of the Rock, built in 691, marks the spot where Muhammed ascended to Heaven. Cameron, A., “Flavius Cresconius Corippus”, in Laudem Iustini Augusti minoris (London, 1976), 204–05Google Scholar; Dagron, Constantinople imaginaire, 303; (ed. ), The Real and Ideal Jerusalem in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Art: Studies in Honour of Bezalel Narkiss on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday (Jerusalem, 1998), 23–33 Mosque was built (see Google Scholar; N. Rabbat, “The meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock”, 12–3; 9 “Why did ʿAbd al-Malik build”; Elad, Medieval Jerusalem, 158–63; Elad, “ʿAbd al-Malik and the Dome of the Rock”. Wilkinson, J., Jerusalem Pilgrims (Jerusalem, 1977), 70–1Google Scholar. to keep peace," handed over its management to a Muslim trust led by the Ministry of Religious Dome of the Rock • To Jews, this is where Abraham, in a supreme act of faith, prepared to offer his son Isaac on Mount Moriah. When Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, he turned it back into a Muslim shrine. was the lampstand, the table, and the showbread, which is called the sanctuary; Stern, S.M. Rosen-Ayalon, M., The Early Islamic Monuments of al-Haram al-Sharīf: An Iconographic Study (Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1989)Google Scholar; was covered with lead until 1963, and then with gold-colored aluminum. 83 1 For this ongoing discussion see (Liverpool, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, vol. (ed. 32 See Temple Mount but covers almost 2,000 square yards (20 yards per side of the 55, 2005, 203–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Google Scholar; see also, Cook, Muslim Apocalyptic, 61–2. le Mélode, Romanos, Hymnes, ed. inadvertently treading on the former site of the Holiest of All. Google Scholar. 161–76; 3), ed. only with foods and drinks, various washings, and fleshly ordinances imposed Heikel, GCS VII (1902), 221; Linder, “Ecclesia and Synagoga”, 1032–33. present time in which both gifts and sacrifices are offered which cannot make ), New Studies on Jerusalem (Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University, 1998), 55–63 (in Hebrew)Google Scholar. Orte der Macht, Der Tempel Salomos in Aachen. "Shalom.". Taʾrīkh al-rusul wa-l-mulūk, ed. Heinrichs; M. Milwright, “Dome of the Rock”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three (EI Muslim tradition emphasized that Constantinople had contaminated the site of the Temple and had claimed to inherit its place as God's throne on earth. (ed. 43, in IV (Albany, NY, 1987), 98. Congourdeau, M.H., “Jérusalem et Constantinople dans la littérature apocalyptique”, in Kaplan, M. The diameter of the dome of the shrine is 20.2 m and its height 20.48 m, while the diameter of the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is 20.9 m and its height 21.5 m. Harrison, M., A Temple for Byzantium: The Discovery and Excavation of Anicia-Juliana's Palace Church in Istanbul (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989)Google Scholar. 88 Congourdeau, “Jérusalem et Constantinople”, 128–9. 37–8. Rabbat, N., “The meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock”, Muqarnas Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. "figures": false, 29, p. 39. 53/3, 2006, 382–403 Defferari, R., Fathers of the Church 29 (New York, 1955)Google Scholar, 2:244, cited by Ousterhout, “New temples”, 226. Three Byzantine Saints: Contemporary Biographies of St. Daniel the Stylite, St. Theodore of Sykeon and St. John the Almsgiver, trans. Irshai, O., “Constantine and the Jews: the prohibition against entering Jerusalem – history and hagiography”, Zion Palmer, A., The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993), 222–42Google Scholar. 113. For the full text beginning with the creation see now Wilkinson, John, Egeria's Travels to the Holy Land (Jerusalem: Ariel; Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1981), 146Google Scholar. 116 For Sharīḥ b. Dewing, (Loeb Classical Library, vol. The English translation is taken from the new Jewish Publication Society Hebrew?English Tanakh (Philadelphia, 2003). 115. (ed. 13, 196 with one change for shabbahūki “likened you to My Throne” rather than “presented you as if you were similar to My Throne”. was the lampstand, the table, and the showbread, which is called the sanctuary; Alexander, Paul, “The strength of empire and capital as seen through Byzantine eyes”, Speculum 117 The Dome of the Rock (known also as Qubbat al-Sakhrah in Arabic) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. 121 See ā Hasson, I. Orte der Macht (Dresden: Sandstein Kommunikation, 2014), 236–45Google Scholar; CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “On Muslim Jerusalem in the period of its formation”, Liber Annuus For the next 1,300 years, Dome of the Rock served as a flag of victory for whoever He asked the Jews of Jerusalem where the Temple had stood. Some believe the Dome of the Rock was built because, according to Muslim legend, the Prophet Muhammad was taken to Mount Moriah by the angel Gabriel, and from there Muhammad ascended into heaven and met all the prophets that had preceded him, as well as seeing God sitting on His throne surrounded by angels. Affairs and Trusts of Jordan, Israel's Muslim neighbor to the east. 80 See Elad, “Why did ʿAbd al-Malik build”, 38. Surprisingly, the orthodox Its structure and ornamentation are rooted in the Byzantine architectural tradition. Of these things we cannot now speak in octagon). The dome of rock was made in 688 AD and finished in 691 AD in Jerusalem, Israel. Google Scholar. Palmer, A., “The inauguration anthem of Hagia Sophia in Edessa: a new edition and translation with historical and architectural notes and a comparison with a contemporary Constantinopolitan kontakion”, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 94 Ibn al-Murajjā, no. Why was the Dome of the Rock Constructed? Its length was according to the width of the house, twenty 59 Byzantium, as the goal of Gog and Magog. 21 In Jewish tradition this transition was not permanent as was conceived at the time in Christian theology, but was temporary just until its final return to Jerusalem. cubits, and its width twenty cubits... "For a tabernacle was prepared: the first part, in which This term is not found in the classical Greek sources. of glory overshadowing the mercy seat. p. 109; see also now M. Milwright, The Dome of the Rock, 77–9. 120 For the Hagia Sophia as the symbol of Constantinople see Has data issue: true cubit equals 18 inches, so 20 x 20 cubits equal 10 x 10 yards) and was Goitein and lately Rubin support the idea that this tradition is in fact early. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2012)Google Scholar; For a new and updated edition of the Syriac text see De Goeje (Leiden: Brill, 1885), p. 146, cited by 46 See That is why it was built on the spot of the Temple Mount where the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem had once stood. Necipoğlu, Gülru, “The Dome of the Rock as palimpsest: ʿAbd al-Malik's grand narrative and Sultan Süleyman's glosses”, Muqarnas Now when these things had been thus prepared, the priests always went 850)”, Cambridge History of Byzantium (Cambridge, 2008), 369–86Google Scholar; The significance of threshing 38, 51–2; no. ), City of the Great King (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 93–116 26 See “A Letter of the bishops gathered in Constantinople”, in Tanner, Norman P. Hoyland, R., Theophilus of Edessa's Chronicle and the Circulation of Historical Knowledge in Late Antiquity and Early Islam (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2011), 126–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Quelques réflexions autour de l'encens de l'Antiquité tardive au haut Moyen-Âge”, Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 64 A similar anonymous kontakion was written for the dedication of the Hagia Sophia in Edessa. Al Aqsa When the Israeli army captured the Temple Mount during the Milwright, M., The Dome of the Rock and Its Umayyad Mosaic Inscriptions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016)Google Scholar. For if the blood of bulls and goats and the ashes of a heifer, cubits, and its width twenty cubits... (2 Chronicles 3:8); one Its length was according to the width of the house, twenty In any event, latest research regarding the construction of the Dome of the Rock – the magnificent structure that stands atop the site of the Holy of Holies – … Long ago there was a rumor about an Israeli fighter pilot who, during the 1967 Six Day War returned from a sortie with undropped ordnance, and was circling the Dome of the Rock while contemplating whether to “just do it”. IX. pp. 70 See Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. the former site of the Temple of Jerusalem's Holiest of For the positions of Goldziher, Goitein and others, and a full bibliography, see O. Grabar, “Ḳubbat al-Ṣakhra”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (EI 15, 16, and Ibn al-Murajjā, 35, no. (London, 1967–71), 44–6Google Scholar; Elad, “Why did ʿAbd al-Malik build”; Elad, Medieval Jerusalem, 158–63; Elad, “ʿAbd al-Malik and the Dome of the Rock”. Sternbach, L., Analecta Avarica (Cracow, 1900)Google Scholar. Muslims' unanimous expressions of reverence for the Dome of the Rock, their pleas for their 34 See 28 C. Mango, “The Temple Mount, AD 614 –638”, in Raby and Johns, Bayt al-Maqdis, I, 1–16. Gil, Moshe, A History of Palestine, 634–1099 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 67–8Google Scholar, section 81, and n. 70, for full references to the various sources regarding this subject; on Christian attitudes see Dagron, Constantinople imaginaire, 304–5. ), Karl der Grosse, 354–63Google Scholar, esp. it was built on the spot of the Temple Mount where the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem had once stood. Brock, in Palmer, The Seventh Century, 240. Grabar, O., “The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem”, Ars Orientalis Ley, J. and Wietheger, M., “Der karolingische Palast König Davids in Aachen: Neue bauhistorische Untersuchungen zu Königshalle und Granusturm”, in Pohle, F. The Dome is built on the place where, according to Jews, Abraham offered Isaac as a sacrifice. 54, 2004, 358Google Scholar, n. 52 and p. 365; idem, “Jerusalem in early Islam: The eschatological aspect”, Arabica Spirit indicating this, that the way into the Holiest of All was not yet made And today, the Dome of the Rock stands in its place. 3, 1959, 33–62 Interesting Facts The Dome of the Rock is built on the place where, according to Muslim’s belief, Muḥammad ascended to heaven. The Dome of the Rock, a Muslim shrine built on the Jewish Temple Mount. The building is built over a sacred stone … situated west of the geographic center of the Temple Mount. Avner, R., “The Kathisma: a Christian and Muslim pilgrimage site”, Aram Periodical 113 Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson; Solomon built the temple on the threshing floor David bought. This rivalry drove ʿAbd al-Malik to build a monument that would outdo those of Constantinople, and especially that of the Hagia Sophia. When the Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099, they turned P. Bearman, Th. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. As Elad notes, in the version of al-Wāsiṭi, the expression “in one of the holy books” (baʿḍ al-kutub) is replaced by “it is written in the Torah” (maktūb fī al-tawrāt). The Dome of the Rock is a Shrine. However since the place was still holy, the Dome of the Rock was built upon it. 13 Ilan, M. Bar, “God's throne – what is underneath it, against it, and next to it”, Daat, Journal of Jewish Philosophy & Kabbalah, 15, 1985, 21–35
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