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A few of them, notably Franz Hössler, were prosecuted by the British military authorities at the Belsen trial in Lüneburg in September 1945. The GDR era memorial installations were left intact as a documentation of the way the Communist regime treated the Nazi past. Those unable to keep up with these death marches were summarily shot by the guards. [19], The worst atrocity occurred at Gardelegen, known as the Gardelegen massacre. Today Mittelbau-Dora is a place of learning and commemoration. They were freed when US troops reached Nordhausen on 11 April 1945. In early April 1945, the Nazis began to evacuate the prisoners from Dora-Mittelbau. Around 75% of the town was destroyed, the medieval old town was hit particularly hard. The permanent exhibition opened in 2006 presents Mittelbau-Dora not just as a model case of forced labour and the relocation of armament production to underground locations, but also as an example of the strong integration of the concentration camps in German society. [14], Transports from Mittelbau arrived at Bergen-Belsen between 8 and 11 April 1945. The tunnel system was reopened and has been accessible to visitors since 1995. Some members of Speer's staff were so shocked that they had to take an extra period of leave. [25], Like the rocket engineers, many construction engineers at Mittelwerk were able to continue with their careers. With the subcamps overcrowded and the weather turning colder, conditions in all camps deteriorated and the death rate rose significantly. Mittelbau-Dora (also Dora-Mittelbau and Nordhausen-Dora) was a German Nazi concentration camp located near Nordhausen in Thuringia, Germany. [11] Also from January to April 1945, at least 1,700 V-2 and over 6,000 V-1 were built. Several trains, each with thousands of prisoners, left the area through 6 April for Bergen-Belsen, Sachsenhausen and Ravensbrück. [3]:624, Besides the main camp Dora, housing an average of 15,000 prisoners, the main subcamps were Lager Ellrich (established 2 May 1944, averaging around 8,000 prisoners), Lager Harzungen (1 April 1944, 4,000 prisoners), Lager Rottleberode (13 March 1944, 1,000 prisoners) and the SS construction units III and IV (totaling around 3,000 prisoners, distributed among several small camps along a newly constructed railway line between Nordhausen and Herzberg am Harz. [3]:768, By late 1943, production had started. Hans Schurz (de) became head of the Politische Abteilung (the local Gestapo office). [29], By contrast with Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and Ravensbrück the communist government of the GDR never raised Dora to the status of Nationale Mahn- und Gedenkstätte (national memorial). After peaking in March 1944 at 750, this had declined to 100 to 150 per month by the summer. Concentration camp prisoners dug huge tunnels into the surrounding mountains to house the production and storage areas. Although not in good health, these men were much healthier than most of the prisoners in the Belsen main camp. Subterranean fuel depot (tunnels)Operational Several thousand men were housed in the so-called Kasernenlager around 2 kilometres north of the main camp, which was already overflowing with prisoners. After May 1944, Jews were also brought to Mittelbau. These so-called Weapons of Retaliation (Vergeltungswaffen), as the Germans called them, were constructed and stored in the underground facilities and bomb-proof shafts. Relics on the former camp grounds and in the tunnels testify to the crimes, but also to the differing treatment of the site’s history over the decades. Nordhausen, GermanyOperated by [10], Inmates came from almost all countries of Europe, many of them had been arrested for political reasons. Allied air raids on industrial complexes in Germany necessitated the construction of underground production facilities. Changing exhibitions inspire critical examination of the past. In great haste and with considerable brutality, the inmates were forced to board box cars. [12], Along with the inmates from Auschwitz arrived several hundred SS guards who joined the staff at Mittelbau, including Richard Baer, who succeeded Otto Förschner as overall Mittelbau commandant on 1 February 1945. Among the dead were also an estimated 1,300-1,500 Mittelbau prisoners, who were confined at the Boelcke-Kaserne at the time.

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