The Nomocanon of Saint Sava (Serbian: Законоправило/Zakonopravilo)[29][30][31] was the first Serbian constitution from 1219. The terms written constitution and codified constitution are often used interchangeably, as are unwritten constitution and uncodified constitution, although this usage is technically inaccurate. [71], Political economy theory regards constitutions as coordination devices that help citizens to prevent rulers from abusing power. The oldest written document still governing a sovereign nation today[34] is that of San Marino. Another landmark document was the French Constitution, ratified on September 3, 1791. The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire. Pedro was crowned in 1822 as first emperor of Brazil. It was in force in Sardinia until it was superseded by the code of Charles Felix in April 1827. Britain's King George III, whom they had so recently wrested freedom and self-governance from, had simply left the people with a bad impression of a strong central government. While such documents may express respect for human rights or establish an independent judiciary, they may be ignored when the government feels threatened, or never put into practice. The Gayanashagowa, the oral constitution of the Iroquois nation also known as the Great Law of Peace, established a system of governance in which sachems (tribal chiefs) of the members of the Iroquois League made decisions on the basis of universal consensus of all chiefs following discussions that were initiated by a single tribe. Over a century later, the BNA Act was patriated to the Canadian Parliament and augmented with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. What is sometimes called the "enlightened constitution" model was developed by philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke. In the late 18th century, Thomas Jefferson predicted that a period of 20 years will be the optimal time for any Constitution to still be in force since "the earth belongs to the living, and not to the dead. Most constitutions require that amendments cannot be enacted unless they have passed a special procedure that is more stringent than that required of ordinary legislation. Constitutions are often, but by no means always, protected by a legal body whose job it is to interpret those constitutions and, where applicable, declare void executive and legislative acts which infringe the constitution. The essence of Zakonopravilo was based on Corpus Iuris Civilis. It constituted a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib (later known as Medina), including Muslims, Jews, and pagans. Some constitutions are largely, but not wholly, codified. Domestically, some states quarrelled over land boundaries and levied duties on goods from neighboring states. Canada's constitution consists of around 30 different statutes. Considering the vast interests of the thirteen states, unanimity was almost impossible. To choose the President, the Convention adopted the idea of an electoral college, under which citizens of each state would vote for electors who, in turn, would elect the President. In the UK, the constitutional doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty dictates that sovereignty is ultimately contained at the centre. Some of the better-known ancient law codes include the code of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin, the code of Hammurabi of Babylonia, the Hittite code, the Assyrian code and Mosaic law. Corsican Constitutions of 1755 and 1794 were inspired by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. If the citizenry can coordinate a response to police government officials in the face of a constitutional fault, then the government have the incentives to honor the rights that the constitution guarantees. Cleisthenes again reformed the Athenian constitution and set it on a democratic footing in 508 BC. Most states in the world have codified constitutions. In parliamentary systems, Cabinet Ministers are accountable to Parliament, but it is the prime minister who appoints and dismisses them. "[65] Later writers, such as Aristotle, Cicero and Plutarch, would examine designs for government from a legal and historical standpoint. In such a case, only that application may be ruled unconstitutional. According to Scott Gordon, a political organization is constitutional to the extent that it "contain[s] institutionalized mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and liberties of the citizenry, including those that may be in the minority".[10]. It also established the first federal form of government, as well as the first system of checks and balances to prevent any one branch of government from acquiring too much power. "Mendoza, Cristóbal de" in, The Constitutional Law Group, Canadian Constitutional Law. The prevailing theme among these writers was that the design of constitutions is not completely arbitrary or a matter of taste.
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