Informing the modernity school were classical evolutionary theorists, including Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Émile Durkheim (1859–1917), Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), and Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936), and functionalist theorists such as Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) and Edward Shils (1911–1995). World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets. 1936), and Samir Amin (b. Feminism in a Global Era. These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. The term stratification refers to the system of inequalities within and between societies, the processes of assignment to positions wi…, Myrdal, Gunnar They focused on historical-structural aspects of dependency, emphasizing internal aspects, class conflict, and the role of the state. Conflict theory emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order. Critics claim that symbolic interactionism neglects the macro level of social interpretation—the “big picture.” In other words, symbolic interactionists may miss the larger issues of society by focusing too closely on the “trees” (for example, the size of the diamond in the wedding ring) rather than the “forest” (for example, the quality of the marriage). © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. This volume does an excellent job in both areas. With common sense, manifest functions become easily apparent. ." Development was a post–World War II concept used to describe and explain economic and social change throughout Africa, Asia, Latin America, and southeastern Europe. That is, people are often motivated by money and the possibility of making a profit, calculating the likely costs and benefits of any action before deciding what to do. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Political stability implied preferable but not exclusive emphasis on the development of democratic institutions. In Women and Human Development (2000), Martha C. Nussbaum shows how the combination of gender inequality and poverty clarifies the need for attention to capabilities. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Handbooks are designed to provide state-of-art reviews of literature about topical areas and to explore theoretical and methodological controversies. Malden, MA: Blackwell. “ Top down” “trickle down” Approach Proponents of the “trickle down” approach would argue that richer individuals and larger companies are the driving force behind economic growth. MODERNITY. Macro and Micro Approaches. New York: Knopf. 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Social exchange theory interprets society as a series of interactions that are based on estimates of rewards and punishments. Institutions, Markets, and Economic Coordination: Linking Development Policy to Theory and Praxis. Some theories have fallen out of favor, while others remain widely accepted, but all have contributed tremendously to our understanding of society, relationships, and social behavior. Neoliberalism and the Sociology of Development: Emerging Trends and Unanticipated Facts. The pioneering European sociologists, however, also offered a broad conceptualization of the fundamentals of society and its workings. World Bank. Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective. The perspective also receives criticism for slighting the influence of social forces and institutions on individual interactions. Women, environment, and development (WED) theorists (1970s) made sustainable development a central issue: They linked ideas of equity between generations, the maintenance of a balance between environmental and economic needs to conserve nonrenewable resources, and the reduction of industrialization’s waste and pollution. Sociology, a social science that studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them. The addition of the semi-periphery component enabled the examination of upward mobility (a peripheral region or country moving into the semi-periphery or a semi-peripheral region or country moving into the core) as well as downward mobility (a core region or country moving into the semi-periphery or a semi-peripheral regional or country moving into the periphery). Social order is maintained by domination, with power in the hands of those with the greatest political, economic, and social resources. 2005. The alternative approaches and their … Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. Reflecting functionalist theory, modernity was also treated as a systematic and pervasive process. DEPENDENCY. The postdevelopment critique holds that modern development theory is a creation of academia in tandem with an underlying political and economic ideology. The flow of economic surplus to European and North American developed countries kept countries in the Third World underdeveloped. MARKET REFORM. Approaches to development We are thinking in general terms here but it is worth remembering key geographical concepts of scale and place. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The modernity school included economists, such as Walt W. Rostow, who stressed the importance of speeding up productive investments; political scientists, including Samuel Eisenstadt and Gabriel Almond, who highlighted the need to enhance the capacity of political systems; and sociologists, such as Marion Levy and Neil Smelser, who focused on changes in Parsons’s pattern variables (a way of characterizing interactions between people) and social differentiation.
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