Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Foreign policy and the Russo-Japanese War, Revolution of 1905 and the First and Second Dumas, Aleksandr Khristoforovich, Count Benckendorff. During the first five years he did not feel quite sure of himself, and he appealed for help to advisers of Alexander’s liberal period, such as Kochubey, Speransky, and Egor Frantsevich, Count Kankrin. In sharp contrast with Nicholas’s educational policy, a new generation grew up which was bred by Russian universities, especially Moscow State University, between 1830 and 1848. In the words of a competent observer: “The only failing of this extraordinary woman was her being excessively, one may say, exacting of her children and of the people dependent on her.”. Maria, on the contrary, remained formal and cold in her relationship to the children, very much in keeping with her general character. He felt remarkably happy and at home in his adopted family and country, which for many years he tried to visit as often as he could. Nicholas I was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. The expulsion of Charles X from France and the November Insurrection (1830–31) in Poland determined the legitimist tendency of Nicholas’s foreign policy. In Moscow literary salons, they did not discuss the form of the government but dug deep into the very foundations of Russian history and the Russian national mind. Nicholas was born in Gatchina to Emperor Paul I and Empress Maria Feodorovna. Omissions? While he did attend the opening of Parliament and in general obtained some knowledge of English politics, his only recorded comments on that score were unfavourable. They numbered about 41 in the first four years of his reign, and there were 378 between 1830 and 1849, along with 137 during the last five years. Nicholas received instruction also in dancing, music, singing, and horseback riding and was introduced at an early age to the theatre, costume balls, and other court entertainment. His favourite English companion was the duke of Wellington. Born:Gatchina, 25 June (6 July) 1796Died:St. Petersburg, 18 February (2 March) 1855Reigned:1825-1855. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Nicholas was not brought up to become the Emperor of Russia; he had two elder brothers. Though, on the whole, a belief that Nicholas had not been trained for his role of Russian sovereign is wrong, he did profit little from the instruction, which he found rigid and tedious. Nicholas I began his reign on 14 December 1825 (old style), which fell on a Monday; Russian superstition held that Mondays were unluck… Nicholas I, Russian in full Nikolay Pavlovich, (born July 6 [June 25, Old Style], 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia—died February 18 [March 2, New Style], 1855, St. Petersburg), Russian emperor (1825–55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. The growing grand duke studied French and German as well as Russian, world history, and general geography in French, together with the history and geography of Russia. ‘Now I go to pray for Russia,’ the dying man said, ‘and for you all. 1. By the Treaty of Adrianople, Greece was liberated; the hospodars (princes) of the Danubian principalities were to be appointed for life and free from Turkish interference in internal affairs. Nicholas was the son of Grand Duke Paul and Grand Duchess Maria. Less than a year after his return to Russia and a few months after his marriage, Nicholas was appointed inspector general of the army corps of engineers. Andrew is the great-great-grandson of Nicholas I, who was emperor of Russia until his death in 1855. Nicholas I, possibly my favorite Tsar, was Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias from 1825 until 1855. "History of Russia in 100 Minutes" is a crash course for beginners. They became the originators of Russian socialism, and Herzen saw socialist elements in the Russian peasants’ commune (mir). The Straits (the Dardanelles and the Bosporus) and the Black Sea were to be open. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. The king was overthrown, and a republic was declared. Battle sites and key locations in the Crimean War. In 1825, when Alexander I died suddenly of typhus, Nicholas was caught between swearing allegiance to his second-eldest brother, Constantine Pavlovich, and accepting the throne for himself.The interregnum lasted until Constantine Pavlovich, wh… He thus carried on a war against Turkey (1828–29). He was the third son of Paul I and younger brother of his predecessor, Alexander I. Nicholas inherited his brother's throne despite the failed Decembrist revolt against him. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). For his reactionary policies, he has been called the emperor who froze Russia for 30 years. His successor, Prince Platon Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, wished to “base all teaching on religious truth.” The university chairs of philosophy were closed, and the number of students limited; many writers were arrested, exiled, or otherwise punished. “Nesselrode dropped the papers [he held] in his hands in excitement. Some three and a half months after his birth, following the death of Catherine II the Great, Nicholas’s father became Emperor Paul I of Russia. Nicholas’s last words to Alexander were to say that he had wanted to leave his son a happy, well-ordered realm, but providence had decided otherwise. “Submit yourselves, ye peoples, for God is with us”: thus ended his manifesto published on April 8 (March 27, Old Style), 1848. Such quick inspection tours later became almost an obsession of the emperor. Under Nicholas I the first railway between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo (Pushkin), 17 miles long, was opened to the public in 1837. 18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. As directed by Gen. Matthew Lamsdorff, it emphasized severe discipline and formalism. In 1802–03 men replaced women in Nicholas’s entourage, and his regular education began. In subsequent years he held several other military positions but of secondary significance. Revolution came at the end of February 1848. The group included a young Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and the psychological torment that he suffered while in prison would inform much of his later writing. Nicholas I, Russian in full Nikolay Pavlovich, (born July 6 [June 25, Old Style], 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia—died February 18 [March 2, New Style], 1855, St. Petersburg), Russian emperor (1825–55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy. Yet it is believed that he showed kindness and consideration to his younger children and that, in fact, he loved and cherished them tenderly. He was a brother of Alexander I of Russia and of Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia. In the 1820s, the Grand Duke Nicholas Pavlovich (the future Emperor Nicholas I) experienced a dramatic change of fate. On the eve of his death, the Russian Empire reached its historical zenith spanning over 20 million square kilometers (7.7 million square miles). English: Nicholas I (Russian language: Николай I Павлович, Nikolai I Pavlovich), 6 July (25 June, Old Style), 1796 – March 2 (18 February Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. Nicholas formed a series of secret committees which, after many failures, prepared the law of 1842 on voluntary accords, which abolished personal serfdom and fixed the amount of peasant lots and payments. Nicholas was related to several monarchs in Europe. He was also King of Poland until his deposition in 1831. “We were all as if thunderstruck,” Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich wrote in his diary. The solemn wedding followed some 20 months later, on July 13, 1817. Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia, one of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia’s granddaughters, had married Philip’s grandfather the Greek King Georgios in 1867. 18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. Minister of Education Sergey Semyonovich, Count Uvarov, was himself found too liberal, and he resigned. He loved only military science, becoming a fine army engineer and expert in several other areas of military knowledge. Nicholas I (Николай I Павлович, r Nikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S. It is through his Greek royal family that the Duke was a descendant from the formerly ruling Russian Royal family, the Romanovs. Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881) 3. A wholesale change of regime was indicated to his son and successor, Alexander II. The grand dukes were allowed to join the army in 1814, and, although they saw no actual fighting, they lived through the heady emotions of those momentous years and also enjoyed the opportunities to stay in Paris and other places in western and central Europe. After Russia I loved you more than anything else in the world. He is also the grandson of Duchess Xenia, who fled Russia … Nicholas I was the emperor of Russia from 1825 to 1855 and was known for his autocratic and orthodox policies. By the new statutes of 1835 he detached the primary education intended for the lower classes from the gymnasiums and universities, where only children of gentry and of officials were to be admitted. Most of them declared that Russia was unlike Europe and that its type of civilization was potentially far higher than the European. He hated serfdom at heart and would have liked to destroy it, as well as dete… Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Nicholas had three brothers, two of whom, the future emperor Alexander I and Constantine, were 19 and 17 years older than he. This concession drew the attention of the European powers, and in 1841 all the five great powers (France, Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria) agreed that the Dardanelles should be closed to warships of all nations. With a rough nature and incurious intellect, he was conscious of his inferiority and sincerely disliked the idea of becoming emperor. To complete his training, Grand Duke Nicholas was sent on two educational voyages—an extensive tour of Russia that lasted from May to September in 1816 and a journey to England, where the future emperor spent four months late that same year and early in 1817. On October 23, 1853, Turkish forces attacked the advanced Russian troops in the Danubian principalities; on November 1, Russia declared war on Turkey. They execrated Peter the Great’s Europeanization of Russia as a fatal deviation from the genuine course of Russian history, and they wanted Russia to come back to the forsaken principles of the Eastern Church and state—to orthodoxy and autocracy. His aim was to freeze every germ of free thought and independent moral feeling, as disturbing agents of the order of things entrusted by God to his personal care. In England, Nicholas stayed mostly in London, although he travelled to a score of other places. Nicholas’s education, as well as that of his younger brother, was interrupted and largely terminated by the great struggles against Napoleon in 1812–15. It is a paradox that during the absolutism of Nicholas I the golden age of Russian literature occurred. Nicholas I was not intended to be tsar, nor was he educated to be one. Updates? He reserved for himself the control over public opinion and confided to Aleksandr Khristoforovich, Count Benckendorff, the organization of a new secret police of gendarmes controlled by the “third section” of the personal and imperial chancery. He wished to become a real “policeman” of Europe, and at Münchengrätz (Mnichovo Hradiště), in September 1833, he renewed relations with Metternich. Herzen and Bakunin emigrated from Russia on the approach of the Revolutions of 1848.
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