Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 9 and 11-15 May explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. . JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 16-23 December. Reports from JMA stated that plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. . The Tokyo VAAC reported explosions during 6, 8-9, and 11 February. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 12-13 and 15-18 October explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. An explosion at 0720 on 27 April generated a large ash plume that rose 3.5 km above the crater. The Osumi Pumice Fall is mainly homogeneous "except for an overall reverse grading."[5]. An explosive event at 0719 on 16 June 2018 generated an ash plume that rose 4.7 km (the first time that a plume rose over 4 km since 2 May 2017) and ejecting tephra as far as 1.1 km. Eighteen explosions occurred . Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Inflation was measured again beginning in April 2016 and continued through December 2016. during 7-11 March and drifted S and E. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 27 February-3 March and 5 March generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. Volcanism continues; 14 explosive eruptions. Early the next day, a Japan National Railway crossing gate in the N part of the city malfunctioned because of ash deposits on the rails; a car was struck by a train, but the car's driver was only slightly injured. On 23 and 25 June explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-1.8 km (5,000-6,000 ft) a.s.l. Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; Reuters; UPI; D. Shackelford, CA. An explosion at 1724 on 8 November generated an ash plume that rose 5.5 km above the crater rim and drifted E, and ejected large blocks that fell 500-800 m away. JMA reported that during 20-27 April incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. JMA scientists have observed that a swarm of B-type earthquakes, which they interpret as possibly caused by magma rising to a shallower depth, is often followed by increased explosive activity. | August The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). The activity level reduced after 13 August; only one-fifth of the number of explosions occurred during following 10 days. In August, six explosions (four of which were followed by sounds) were recorded. and drifted W and S. Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Asahi. Tephra from explosions at 1220 on 8 December, 1834 on 20 December, 0621 and 1507 on 22 December, and on 27 January, caused [grass] fires. and drifted SE. Ashfall measured 10 km W of the crater was as follows: November, 5 g/m2; and December, 18 g/m2. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). and drifted SW, S, SE, and E. A pilot reported that an ash plume drifted E at an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. JMA reported that there were eight events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 11-15 June, with ash plumes rising as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim. and drifted E. JMA reported that during 27-31 August five explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected and ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. The next day satellite imagery showed that the ash had dissipated. | June Volcanic earthquake swarms, similar to previous months, were recorded on 7, 16, 24, and 28 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). . during 24-25 April. and drifted NE. On 14 November a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. A small pyroclastic flow moved down the SW flank to about 600 m elevation. Information Contacts: Yosihiro Sawada, Volcanological Division, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), 1-3-4 Ote-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan (URL: http://www.jma.go.jp/); Volcano Research Center, Earthquake Research Institute (ERI), University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan (URL: http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/VRC/index_E.html); Dan Shackelford, 3124 E. Yorba Linda Blvd., Apt. Information Contacts: Hayakawa Yukio, Gunma University, 4-2 Aramaki-machi, Maebashi City, Gunma, 371-8510, Japan; Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), 1-3-4 Ote-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan (URL: https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/); Sakura-jima Volcano Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan (URL: http://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/). The month's highest ash cloud rose 4 km above the crater. . Reconstruction of the sequence of the An-ei eruptions of Sakurajima volcano (A.D. 1779-1782) using the historical records. An explosive event at 0031 on 27 February ejected tephra as far as 700 m and generated a plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim. and drifted SE. and ~2 km a.s.l., respectively. One of the explosions, recorded at 1333 on 6 April, produced an ash plume that rose 3.5 km. On 22 June at 1029 an ash cloud rose 3.5 km. Detonations, air shocks, cinder falls, [an incandescent column], and frequent ashfalls were noted during August. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 13-19 January multiple explosions from Sakura-jima often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). Activity increased at both craters during September, with the first substantial explosion at Minamidake in almost a year. The ash plume from the morning explosion was the highest of the month, rising more than 4,000 m. Strong winds carried substantial quantities of ejecta southward. After not having explosive activity since late September, JMA lowered the Alert Level to 2 (Do not approach the crater) on 25 November, reducing the exclusion area to 1 km around the two craters. During the first 27 days of July, only one explosion from the summit crater of Minami-dake was recorded by the JMA's Kagoshima Observatory. Showa crater had frequent explosions that commonly ejected tephra and/or ballistics up to 1.3-1.8 km from the crater, according to JMA reports. A total of 48 explosions from Sakura-jima were recorded in April, the largest monthly figure in 5 years. . Lapilli cracked a car windshield and two cars collided after skidding on the wet ash. The highest ash plume of the month rose > 2.5 km on 30 December. A 300-m column of incandescent ejecta was observed at 0534 on l December, and reflected glow was seen between 0322 and 0325 on 10 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). An earthquake swarm in mid-December preceded the emplacement of a new incandescent lava [mound] on the [crater] floor of Minami-dake, after which explosions became more frequent. No volcanic swarms were registered, but 861 earthquakes were detected at a station 2.3 km NW of Minamidake crater. Rain on 2 February triggered debris flows in S flank valleys. An explosion on 26 July produced a large ash plume. This type of event is common at Sakura-jima. Incandescence from the crater was observed at night. Explosive activity from the Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 17 August-15 September 1972. | April Earlier, the previous eruption that occurred on 2 October was the biggest since November 1957. Very small events at Minamidake were occasionally detected during 17-20 November. An event at 1611 on 1 April ejected tephra 300-500 m from the crater, and produced a very small pyroclastic flow (the first since 3 June 2016) that traveled 800 m E. A plume rose 1.7 km above the crater rim, up into weather clouds. Recent GPS deformation measurements, amalgamated with geophysical data and computer modelling enable the reconstruction of the magma system beneath the caldera. about 4,000 m), explosion-earthquakes and cinder and ashfalls. Eto, T., Kamada, M., and Kobayashi, T., 1987, The 1983-1986 Activities of Sakura-jima Volcano in XIX IUGG General Assembly, 1987, Report on Volcanic Activities and Volcanological Studies in Japan for the Period from 1983 to 1986, p. 18-27. . No. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). Crater incandescence was detected at night. | October The volcano was relatively quiet during the very successful International Conference on Volcanoes, sponsored by the Kagoshima Prefectural Government and held 19-23 July, just 10 km W of Sakura-jima's active vent. JMA reported that during 10-14 June Sakura-jima's Showa Crater had four explosions, ejecting tephra that fell at most 1.3 km from the crater. . Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 28 January and 1-3 February explosions and eruptions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 13 and 16-18 January explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). During February-May 1997, the volcano was relatively quiet with occasional small explosions and B-type earthquakes; during March and April, seismic activity was moderate. Similar damage to aircraft above Sakura-jima occurred 8 April 1975 and 25 December 1977. The month's highest ash cloud reached 1,200 m. A total of 6 grams/m2 of ash was deposited [at KLMO]. JMA reported that at 1549 on 3 September an explosion at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated an ash plume that rose 1.9 km above the crater rim and ejected material as far as 900 m from the vent. On 28 August at 0230, a large explosion ejected many blocks to the middle flank of the volcano. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). Explosions were reported the next day. The Alert Level was lowered to 3 (on a 5-level scale) on 1 September. The Tokyo VAAC issued multiple daily ash advisories during 1-10 June after which activity declined abruptly. There were 17 explosions and four non-explosive eruptive events detected by the seismic network. At Kurokami, lapilli broke a car windshield and a building's windowpane. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) provides monthly reports on activity, and the Tokyo VAAC (Volcanic Ash Advisory Center) issued hundreds of reports about ash plumes during 2014. The Tokyo VAAC reported an ash emission on 14 October 2015 that rose to 1.8 km and drifted SW. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 13-20 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. caused no damage. The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 16-20 July plumes rose to an altitude of 2-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. Very small eruptive events were recorded. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). . Maximum amplitude of explosion earthquake >= 10 microns (0.1 x 10. marking the highest monthly total since December 1985. Incandescence was visible from the Showa crater, where virtually all the activity was focused, during several nights almost every week throughout the year. . Tephra, about 2 cm in diameter, and ashfall reported in Kagoshima Kurokami was attributed to the explosion at 2104 on 13 May. As of 23 August, 78 explosions had occurred during 1999. Activity was low during the first half of the month, then increased 16-24 July. . A total of 743 earthquakes were registered during the month. Swarms of earthquakes were recorded on 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 14, 17, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, and 31 December, in almost every case the days of fewer explosions (except for 2, 3, and 30 December). Showa produced three events in total and an event on 1 April produced a pyroclastic flow that traveled 800 m to the E (figure 65).The largest ash plume was from Minamidake that reached 3,400 m above the crater. and drifted NE, E, and SE. and drifted N, NE, and S. Based on information from JMA and satellite data, the Tokyo VAAC reported ash plumes from Sakura-jima on 10 and 13 July that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 12-13 June explosions from Sakura-jima produced ash plumes to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. Large numbers of incandescent blocks were ejected for about 2 hours, burning cars parked at the foot of the volcano. JMA reported that during 12-16 November explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. Ash plumes rose as high as 1.4 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 600-900 m away from the crater. Although passing typhoons can trigger inappropriate warnings or false alarms, and small-magnitude eruptions may be missed, the number of explosions correlates well with the measured deposition of fresh volcanic ash. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). . A large amount of ash fell SSE of the volcano; more than 20 car windshields were broken, and the roof of a primary school cracked. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. That same day at 1526 an explosion at Minamidake summit crater produced an ash plume that rose 1.1 km above the crater. Tens of explosions and ash-bearing emissions have been occurring monthly for the last several years and were continuous through October 2015. JMA reported that at 1022 on 30 October an event at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated a plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. Volcanism at Sakura-jima in 1994 was generally moderate, with explosive activity during January-February and June-December. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Sakura-jima during 28 February-1 March. and drifted NW. | October Sources: Yukio Hayakawa, Gunma University; Reuters. JMA reported that an explosion from the Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) at 1004 on 4 April generated an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim. An explosion at 0413 on 2 July generated an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim, and ejected tephra as far as 800 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). During the interval 20 February-2 April no eruptions occurred. Explosion sounds were heard during nine of these events by personnel at the Kagoshima Meteorological Observatory (10 km W). were recorded in June, increasing from eight in May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). Table 9. A major explosion on 4 June 2020 produced 137 Pa of air vibration at the Seto 2 observation point on Sakurajima Island. The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23-24 and 26 April plumes rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. . A pilot reported ash on 19 September. (http://www.mbc.co.jp/web-cam/). Explosive volcanism continued during December, with 21 explosions recorded, bringing the total number of explosions in 1993 to 91. Ten air shocks were felt and seven explosion sounds were heard during the month. The following information is from the "Asahi," Tokyo, 9 March 1969. . | September Nine explosive eruptions occurred on 5 January, one of which again ejected cinders and bombs as far as the middle flank of the volcano. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale). Deformation data during 15-16 August suggested a dike intrusion beneath Minamidake Crater, centered 1-3 km below sea level, with an estimated volume of 2 million cubic meters. JMA reported that during 25-29 June large explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater occurred ten times and ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater. After a decline from 69 explosions in May to 12 in June, activity remained at a similar level until late July, when explosions became stronger and more frequent.
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